Chapter 501

"Blazing a trail through brambles and thorns to open up the mountains and forests"—this has never been an exaggerated phrase. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, the forest coverage in the Yellow River basin exceeded 53%, and could even reach 65%. The world's largest tropical rainforest, the Amazon, has a forest coverage of 58%. At that time, the Central Plains had no difference in temperature or climate from present-day Yunnan, a land teeming with elephants, hippos, and crocodiles.

The enfeoffment by the Zhou Son of Heaven was a promise given to the feudal lords: a troop of soldiers. The lords led these people to control key transportation routes, build cities, fell trees, and reclaim land; this was the background of the enfeoffment system.

The typical example of the Ming enfeoffment system was never the various princely mansions across the land. Especially after the Hongwu period, the Jianwen Emperor's reduction of the fiefs, the Prince of Yan's rebellion, and the Yongle Emperor's restrictions on the princes, the princes—who were enfeoffed without land and held titles without ruling the people—lacked administrative power. Princely mansions even needed to petition the imperial court for approval just to leave their grounds.

The typical example of the Ming enfeoffment system was the Duke of Qian's mansion, which guarded the Southwest.

Yet, the Duke of Qian still lacked administrative power. The Ming had perfect official yamen for the Provincial Governor, the Censor, the Three Offices, and the prefectures, departments, and counties in Yunnan, so it still followed the basic principles of the Ming enfeoffment system: enfeoffed without land, and holding titles without ruling the people.

Losing a battle or having commanders and battalion commanders killed is not a shameful matter. Qi Jiguang always told the Emperor that victory and defeat are common occurrences for military strategists.

The Southwest, which had been peaceful for many years, had not seen war for a very long time, so it was normal for some problems to arise. As long as they could be corrected in time, it was sufficient. If the defense against the raw tribesmen was insufficient, then the Han army would be deployed; the Sichuan Regional Commander Liu Ting had already led troops into Yunnan, and the situation had improved.

Zhu Yijun remained relatively optimistic about the war situation in the Southwest. As for Akbar of the Mughal Empire, Zhu Yijun hoped that the Great Emperor Akbar would live up to his title and not make the wrong choice.

Shah Muhammad simply did not know the Emperor's worries; otherwise, he would certainly have told His Majesty the Emperor: The respected Great Emperor Akbar is a normal person, not someone with a brain defect like Mang Yili. If he were to put on airs with the Ming, would business still be done? Akbar now only wanted to sell cotton to the Ming and obtain large quantities of the Ming's cheap, high-quality cotton cloth, then act as a middleman to sell the cloth everywhere.

Zhu Yijun, Zhang Juzheng, and Wang Chonggu finally decided to wait and see regarding the situation in the Southwest. They would observe, and if it truly proved beyond their strength, they would follow the precedent of the three campaigns against Luchuan and mobilize the Capital Garrison to go there. If it truly became a festering sore, they would have to use a sharp blade.

It was just that the cost of doing so would be a bit high.

"Since the Onin War 110 years ago, Japan entered the era of the Warring States daimyos. In the hands of Oda Nobunaga, there was finally a trend toward ending the chaotic wars. To the Japanese, Oda Nobunaga is not the 'Great Fool of Owari,' nor a demon king, but a heroic figure. In order to end the internal chaos in Japan, Oda Nobunaga abandoned his previous thoughts of becoming the ruler of the world and chose to compromise with the Ming," Zhu Yijun said with deep emotion.

Oda Nobunaga wanted to kneel, but the Ming did not necessarily want to accept this dog.

"Through the Nagasaki Viceroyalty, Oda Nobunaga hopes to pay tribute to the Ming and obtain investiture from the Ming," Zhu Yijun said, bringing up the purpose of the Nagasaki Viceroyalty. Oda Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobukatsu, had first gone to the Nagasaki Viceroyalty to negotiate, and after the negotiations failed, Oda Nobunaga sent another envoy to Nagasaki, asking the Nagasaki Viceroy to convey his willingness to bow his head and submit.

"Princess Yingjia, Zhu Xuanchang, and her husband, Imperial Son-in-Law Commandant Yin Zongxin, want to bring their three-month-old child to the capital to visit their relatives. I intend to refuse. The child is so young, and the sea journey is bumpy, so there is no need to go back and forth," Zhu Yijun said, mentioning another matter in Yin Zhengmao's memorial. Princess Yingjia and her husband had a child who was three months old. They had originally planned to return to the capital to visit, but the child was too young, and Zhu Yijun was afraid of any mishaps, so he would wait until the child was older.

During the Yongle period, the Ming invested Xu Chailao as the Viceroy of Luzon. Later, under the general trend of emphasizing culture over martial arts and banning maritime trade, only a stele remained.

"I never thought that a Japanese daimyo could collect taxes to the point of 'eight parts for the lord, two for the people,' and even collect coinage tax," Zhang Juzheng also said sincerely. These Japanese Warring States daimyos and the Ming's local squires and gentry really looked more alike the more one looked at them. One would not reduce rent in a disaster year, leading to the tragedy of having their whole family wiped out, while the other was not satisfied with an 80% tax and wanted to collect coinage tax.

People like Mang Yili, who were recklessly ignorant, were still in the minority. Under heavy pressure, Oda Nobunaga chose to admit defeat.

"There is no room for any reconciliation." Zhu Yijun and the Grand Secretaries finalized the result of this matter. There was no possibility of any reconciliation. Everyone in the Ming who dealt with Japan was roughly like Xu Wei and Sun Keyi, people who would rather blow up the Nagasaki gunpowder depot and perish together than not have the Ming intervene with force. For the current Ming, reconciling with Japan was as absurd as Zhao Gou killing Yue Fei to negotiate peace.

The "replacing Tusi with imperial officials" policy was underway.

There were too many methods used by successive dynasties, and too many examples as well.

In Yin Zhengmao's view, this was a matter of course. The Duke of Qian's mansion and the Yunnan Provincial Governor had operated for two hundred years. Although they occasionally pulled each other's hair, overall, it was a stable southwestern frontier and a stable hereditary succession.

"Only now do I realize that going to Jilong Island means going to Ryukyu first, and then heading south from Maobitou to Danshui Town and Xinglong Village, instead of crossing the strait between Fujian and Jilong. The navy is indeed an indispensable talent," Zhu Yijun said, staring blankly at the map.

This was a successful experience and path dependence; the Duke of Qian's mansion shared the same fate as the Ming, with hereditary succession.

Xu Wei, Sun Keyi, and others at the Nagasaki Viceroyalty were controlling the flow of paper money. The Nagasaki Viceroyalty's speed of consuming Japanese silver, Japanese slaves, and courtesans was not infinite, so the 100 million guan of paper money Zhu Yijun sent to Japan could last for a very, very long time. However, the daimyos were generally dissatisfied with this control! Coinage tax was something like a "three-treasure" addiction; once you got hooked, it was hard to quit.

How could it be easy to be a king without a stable military, political, and economic system? Why abandon the stable route opened up by the Duke of Qian's mansion through "blazing a trail through brambles and thorns" and insist on being at odds with the imperial court?

Yin Zhengmao's greatest expectation was that one day, the Viceroy of Luzon would impeach the Marquis of Sishui for excessive land annexation, and the hereditary Marquis of Luzon would pull the hair of Ming civil officials over land matters.

The Ming's methods were truly too brutal and too ruthless; Oda Nobunaga could not hold on much longer.

Look at those kings—losing their heads over a piece of cowhide, being controlled by powerful ministers, usurped by ministers, or dying in civil unrest. In Annam, Siam, Luzon, Brunei, Java, Malacca, Ceylon, Japan, and so on, kings took turns on the stage, and the flags on the city walls changed constantly. How could one describe it as anything but chaotic?

Zhang Juzheng and Wang Chonggu stood up and chose to withdraw. The most important thing about entering the palace today was for the various departments to report major events and analyze the contradictions within them, rather than just speaking in dry words. The "Guanzi: Clarifying the Law" says: "If the feelings of those below do not reach those above, it is called a blockage."

Ashikaga Yoshiaki was the King of Japan invested by the Ming during the Yongle period. In order to intervene in Japan, this banner of Ashikaga Yoshiaki still had to be used. The reason they could accept Ashikaga Yoshiaki staying in the Ming was that he no longer had the strength to continue being the King of Japan; he was just an excuse. In any case, the final result would certainly be the end of his line.

The journey was arduous, and the child could not bear it.

"My opinion is the same as the Second Grand Secretary's. Whether he surrenders or not does not affect the implementation of the Ming's policies." Zhang Juzheng and Wang Chonggu had a completely consistent attitude on this matter: do not accept the surrender, read and do not reply.

Hereditary succession, the pinnacle of hereditary officials—this was what Yin Zhengmao wanted. Being a king himself, how could it compare to leaning against a big tree to enjoy the shade?

Zhang Juzheng always thought about problems from a political perspective; he was a ruthless political machine.

Stability and hereditary succession were commonplace for the hereditary official class in the Ming heartland, but for the overseas viceroyalties, it was a luxury.

"Since the last time the Marquis of Sishui, Zhengmao, memorialized that the Ming should collect taxes, the Luzon Viceroyalty began to establish yamen for prefectures, departments, and counties. This was a good start, and Luzon is no longer short of officials," Zhu Yijun said, mentioning the aftermath of Yin Zhengmao's request for the Ming to collect taxes.

After Luzon gradually stabilized, Yin Zhengmao naturally wanted to further civilize Luzon.

August 15th was the Mid-Autumn Festival and also the day the *Youlong* was launched. When Lin Fucheng returned to the capital, it was already August 23rd. On August 26th, the *Youlong* had completed its first sea trial. The fast sailing ship departed from the Songjiang Xingang and reached Ryukyu in just one day, and then spent less than five days circling Jilong Island. After resupplying at the Penghu Police Inspectorate, it returned to Ryukyu and then back to the Ming.

It was not short of officials because the development of navigation technology made going to Luzon no longer an adventure, and also because Luzon had gradually stabilized, making it easier for officials to work there. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming was not short of people going to Yunnan, and correspondingly, the Ming was now not short of officials going to Luzon.

"Your Majesty is wise and has a heart of benevolence." Zhang Juzheng had no intention of opposing it. Returning to the capital to visit relatives and returning home to see parents and elders was a political tool. There was no rift between the Ming and the Luzon Viceroyalty. If a problem arose, they could return to the capital to visit relatives and explain the situation.

Reconciling with Japan—was it just that they couldn't explain it to the commoners? And what about the Duke of Fengguo, Qi Jiguang, who had spent his whole life pacifying the Japanese pirates? How would he face this matter?

"The conditions are quite good, but there is no need to accept his surrender," Wang Chonggu said quite affirmatively: "The southeast coast has suffered from the harassment of Japanese pirates for decades, the people have been plunged into misery, and every household is in mourning. Accepting his surrender would make it impossible for the imperial court to explain to the commoners."

"The Japanese paper money..." Zhu Yijun looked at the memorial from the Nagasaki Viceroyalty and said with a hint of mockery: "These daimyos are truly greedy beyond measure."

Oda Nobunaga was indeed a figure, a rare talent in Japan, but it was of no use. The Ming would methodically execute its plan to destroy Japan.

The Songjiang Provincial Governor, Shen Shiying, reported the good news and presented the news of the fast sailing ship's first sea trial to the Emperor.

"Oda Nobunaga is willing to bow his head and submit, accept investiture from the Ming; pay an annual tribute of 300,000 taels of silver; accept the issuance of Ming paper money in Japan; open Japanese ports; Oda Nobunaga promises to implement the 'one part for the lord, two for the people' tax system, settle the commoners, and reduce Japanese pirates; and cooperate with the Ming fleet to strike against Japanese pirates." Zhu Yijun handed the memorial to Zhang Juzheng.

Zhu Yijun had previously wondered why, knowing that Antonio was an opponent, Philip II still appointed him as captain and let him bring the galleon to the Ming. Philip II didn't want to either, but he had no one else to use! Now, Philip II's galleon also had to rely on Marcus's guidance.

Accepting the Ming's strong constraints in political, military, and economic aspects, he only begged the Ming Emperor to show mercy and not over-issue paper money. Japan was already rotten, and now was the critical time to end the chaotic wars. The Ming Emperor's interference had left Japan in ruins.

If the Ming were to invest another Oda Nobunaga who had the strength to be king, it would mean reconciliation between the Ming and Japan.

Zhang Juzheng finished reading and handed it to Wang Chonggu.

In this maritime trade, without experienced captains and pilots, the Age of Discovery was like the flying general Li Guang entering the grasslands—dizzy and disoriented.

The Taiwan Strait is called the "Big Black Ditch" by the people of Fujian. Crossing this "Big Black Ditch" is a very difficult task. There are currently two routes to Jilong Island: one is from Shuangyu in Ningbo to Ryukyu and then south to Maobitou, which is the northern end of Jilong Island, named for its resemblance to a cat's nose; the other route is from Yuegang to the Penghu Police Inspectorate and then to Xinglong Village (modern-day Kaohsiung). Both routes must avoid the complex currents of the Big Black Ditch.

In other words, departing from the Ming coast makes it easier to go to the Southern Ocean rather than Jilong Island. This is why this large island of Jilong has not been developed on a large scale for so many years. Ever since the Ryukyu royal mansion moved inland and the Ming navy stationed troops in Ryukyu, the development process of Jilong Island has accelerated significantly.

Whoever controls Ryukyu controls Jilong Island.

Ryukyu, as Yu Dayou and Chen Lin both said, is the key to the Ming's maritime frontier; it is indeed the maritime bridge of all nations.

A ship once went from Shuangyu in Ningbo to Danshui Town to trade timber. Because they couldn't hire a navy crew, they had to risk going to sea, intending to dash straight from Shuangyu to Danshui Town. As a result, after sailing for several days, when they saw land again, they had already reached Qiongzhou...

The navy is a highly professional talent. They protested against the imperial court's expansion of recruitment and demanded better treatment, and even the Ming Emperor endured it, negotiated conditions with the navy, and explained the details of the expansion. Shen Shiying's talks with the navy were also gradually being verified; the Ming's maritime trade was gradually flourishing, and the demand for the navy was increasing.

Now it was a case of ships waiting for people. The major maritime merchants had also realized this and were throwing silver at the various maritime academies, fearing that the academies would run out of funds and close their doors, leaving no one to use.

"Five maritime academies have been built by the five Shipping Commissions; is that not enough?" Zhu Yijun scratched his head. The development of maritime trade had reached this point, but the growth rate of talent could not keep up with the expansion of maritime trade. The major maritime merchants had now come to their senses and were clamoring to establish more maritime academies.

Feng Bao said in a low voice: "It's not just the navy; there are also geomancers for finding mines, silversmiths for minting silver coins, and master craftsmen in every industry—all are in short supply."

Was it only the navy that was lacking? It was every industry that lacked talent.

Because the navy had a greater impact, it was more intuitive, but the gaps in other areas were actually also very, very large. Systematically cultivating talent had become the Ming's top priority.

Zhu Yijun pondered for a while and said: "Dividing studies by discipline is an urgent matter."

Dividing studies by discipline sounded easy, but the resistance from the Ming's traditional scholar-officials was also a problem the imperial court had to consider. Once the imperial court's administrative power was restored, it would indeed have the ability to force the cow to drink.

But this also involved another problem: reading Confucian classics could lead to becoming an official, which was the fixed path for scholars to become the elite. The Ming's scholars were also unwilling to study other subjects. Families of local squires, gentry, and powerful clans would not study them, and since they couldn't achieve class mobility, why study them?

Therefore, only the poor and lowly would study these, but they had no money to study, so the Ming needed to make a huge investment in education to see results.

"It takes ten years to grow a tree, but a hundred years to cultivate a person." Education is a long-term investment; short-term gains are unclear, and only long-term gains will have intuitive manifestation.

Organizational structure, development, funding, scale, directionality, enrollment numbers, sources and quality of faculty, and so on—these were all problems that dividing studies by discipline needed to solve.

Zhu Yijun wrote these matters down on paper one by one.

The main contradiction was the Ming's current lack of professional talent versus the scholar-officials' monopoly on knowledge; the secondary contradiction was the students' lack of recognition for professional academies versus the academies' need for large-scale enrollment.

In terms of organizational structure, it must certainly be separated from the original system of the Imperial Academy, the Taixue, and the examination halls, which would trigger intense conflict; and in terms of development direction, focusing on professional talent rather than cultivating officials would trigger the secondary contradiction.

Funding was not a problem; the Inner Treasury and the State Treasury had large amounts of silver, and the maritime academies also had the experience of interest-free student loans.

As for faculty, the Imperial Academy of Sciences could provide some, and master craftsmen from all walks of life could become faculty; there was no need to worry about the quantity or quality of the sources. The three-level academies of the engineer corps could provide students, and the specialized academies would not lack employment directions.

Zhu Yijun wrote down the plan in his memorandum, put down his steel pen, transcribed his plan, and finally picked up his vermilion brush to write solemnly: 【Imperial Institute of Technology】.

Giving it the name "Imperial" naturally meant funding from the Inner Treasury, which was to reduce resistance in the imperial court. Whether it was separating from the original education system or challenging the scholar-officials' monopoly on knowledge, imperial power was a sharp weapon. The name "Technology" distinguished it from Confucianism, as Confucianism was extremely repulsed by machinery, considering it speculative.

Confucius said: "Those who have machines must have mechanical affairs, and those who have mechanical affairs must have a mechanical heart. If a mechanical heart resides in the chest, then purity is not complete; if purity is not complete, then the spirit is not settled; those whose spirit is not settled are not supported by the Dao."

"Next chapter: Cabinet and Ministry of Rites." Zhu Yijun handed the imperial edict he had written to Feng Bao, letting him send it to the Cabinet and the Ministry of Rites.

The Imperial Academy of Sciences was a research institute that also cultivated talent, but its threshold was extremely high, mainly responsible for exploring the boundaries of the known world and the infinite principles of all things. The Imperial Institute of Technology was mainly to cultivate talent for all walks of life, from which the best would be selected to become Doctors of the Five Classics.

Dividing studies by discipline, the Imperial Institute of Technology—when Zhang Juzheng saw these words, he immediately covered them up and had the Secretariat call Wang Chonggu and Wan Shihe to the Wenyuange to discuss the matter. Before it was certain that it would be done, it was inconvenient to let more people know.

Wang Chonggu, Wan Shihe, Wang Guoguang, and Zhang Juzheng sat in four directions, with the memorial placed on the table in the middle. The autumn weather was more fickle than summer; the wind often arrived suddenly with rain. One autumn rain brought one chill, and Zhang Juzheng had someone bring several cloaks to wear.

"What should be done?" After everyone had finished reading the imperial edict, Zhang Juzheng took a deep breath and asked for everyone's opinions.

The Ming needed talent, and every industry was crying out for it. Dividing studies by discipline was imperative, but it was also easy to become a fuse that intensified contradictions.

The radical Wang Chonggu immediately said: "His Majesty's considerations are extremely thorough, and all aspects have been taken into account. What else is there to say? Just do it."

"This matter is of great importance and I fear it may shake the foundation of the state," Wan Shihe expressed his attitude. This matter was truly not as simple as imagined; moving education was moving the foundation of the local squires, gentry, and powerful clans.

Why did the He family of Gaoyang not reduce rent in a disaster year? The He family had already completely completed annexation, so why were they still unwilling to give the common people a way to survive? To the He family, it was best if the laborers and the poor had no land, or even any production tools, because in this way, the laborers would have no choice but to rely on selling their labor to survive.

This was the process of labor being alienated into a commodity.

The reason the He family dared to do this and could do this was because it had always been this way. The entire process of the local squires, gentry, and powerful clans monopolizing knowledge and then monopolizing power, and labor being alienated into a commodity, was the result, not the cause.

"It's fine, they will deceive themselves," Wang Chonggu shook his head and said: "You overestimate the courage of the local squires, gentry, and powerful clans. How many people dare to take such risks? Just go ahead and do it. Rebellion is not their business."

"Not their business?" Zhang Juzheng frowned.

Wang Chonggu said with certainty, his tone exceptionally firm: "At most, they will just curse a few times. The more they possess, the more they fear losing it. As long as they are not pushed into a corner and have even a sliver of space to survive, it is very difficult for them to completely abandon everything they possess. The manors, mulberry fields, farmland, long-term and short-term laborers, and family wealth possessed by the powerful clans are their wealth, but also their shackles."

"The poor and lowly have nothing and no shackles, which is why they turn to banditry, why they plunder the He family, and kill the He family's entire household, because they themselves have nothing left to lose."

"I am someone who has been through this; just listen to me on this matter. Do it boldly! Besides being able to shout a few times, what else can they do? Weakness and compromise are deep-rooted. If you ask me, just incorporate the Imperial Academy into the Imperial Institute of Technology. There's no need to distinguish; they can all take the provincial and metropolitan examinations and become officials."

Wang Chonggu truly understood the powerful clans very well; he himself was one, and he had extensive experience as a rebel. Rebellion? As long as there was a sliver of space to survive, they would not rebel. Those shackles would firmly constrain their ambition. They would also deceive themselves, thinking that the Ming imperial court was doing this for talent and that the Ming would be better, so they could earn more.

Where was the stage for the powerful clans of the Ming to rebel?

The millions of followers of Deng Maoqi and Ye Zongliu were the poor and lowly who had nothing, which was why they could be so powerful. Then there were the princes who intended to follow the path of the Prince of Yan, Zhu Di, to become Emperor. But now, because the Daoist branch had entered the main line and the descendants were not prosperous, the stage for princes to rebel had gradually disappeared.

"What you're saying is inexplicable. Oh, so all the hard-earned wealth is just to put shackles on oneself?" Wan Shihe looked at Wang Chonggu, feeling that Wang Chonggu's logic was absurdly strange!

The hard-earned struggle resulted in shackles; all human effort was just to put shackles on oneself. This logic was fundamentally wrong.

"Grand Secretary, it's a pity you're the Minister of Rites," Wang Chonggu smiled and said: "I won't hide it from you, Grand Secretary, this is all based on experience."

Rebel experience was not something everyone had. Wang Chonggu was no longer ashamed to talk about the fact that he had been a rebel in the past. Rebel experience, on the contrary, helped him govern the country.

In life, who hasn't taken a wrong turn? Having the opportunity to turn back from the wrong path is the most precious thing, and Wang Chonggu had seized it. He was the rebel, and he was also the loyal subject—it was all Wang Chonggu.

"It seems that's how it is." Zhang Juzheng's brows were knitted into a knot. Rebel experience had become Wang Chonggu's unique advantage; who could he reason with about this?

Wang Chonggu said happily: "That's why I say, just do it boldly. Leave the construction matters to me. The engineer corps needs work to do, so let's build the Imperial Institute of Technology and the Ten-Prince City together. Build them around the Northern Tucheng of the Northern Camp. His Majesty reviews the troops every day anyway, so he can go over and take a look when he's free."

"This is my opinion. You decide; I have other things to do."

After Wang Chonggu finished speaking, he stood up. His attitude had been expressed very clearly; he not only agreed with His Majesty's method but also felt that His Majesty's steps were a bit small and too conservative.

Wang Chonggu walked to the door, suddenly walked back, picked up the imperial edict, looked at it carefully again, sighed, and said: "If His Majesty is short of money, my Wang family also has some assets, but giving it the name 'Imperial' makes it impossible. What a pity, what a pity."

This time Wang Chonggu really left. The Chonggu Road—Wang Chonggu went to see the stone tablet inscribed by His Majesty almost every seven days. The road had brought him too much prestige, and he felt exceptionally at ease every time he saw that tablet. Therefore, if it weren't for the name "Imperial," Wang Chonggu would have loved to fund it entirely himself. Then it would be called the Chonggu Institute of Technology; who could still say he was a sycophant!

It was a great pity that His Majesty was clearly very sensitive to power; from the very beginning of the imperial edict, it was given the name "Imperial."

"The Second Grand Secretary is becoming more and more like Minister Tan in the beginning, doing things more and more radically," Wang Guoguang frowned as he looked at Wang Chonggu's back, saying meaningfully.

Wan Shihe could understand Wang Chonggu's state of mind. He shook his head and said: "He's getting old, and he's becoming more and more anxious about his reputation after death. He always feels that he doesn't have much time left."

"Is it possible that this is also Wang Chonggu's 'doubling'? Doubling the execution to make the policy impossible to implement," Zhang Juzheng said suspiciously.

"His Majesty said that the Grand Secretary has a prejudice against the Second Grand Secretary, and it really is a prejudice. If he really wanted to double it, he wouldn't do it this way," Wan Shihe waved his hands repeatedly. The struggle between the Grand Secretary and the Second Grand Secretary had just come to an end under the Emperor's mediation, so there could be no more disputes.

Zhang Juzheng's prejudice against Wang Chonggu was an unsolvable knot, just like the Emperor's vigilance against civil officials—an unsolvable problem.

(End of this chapter)